Penghapusan dari pokok B

Dalam tutorial ini, anda akan belajar cara menghapus kunci dari b-tree. Anda juga akan mendapat contoh kerja memadam kunci dari pokok B di C, C ++, Java dan Python.

Memadam elemen pada B-tree terdiri daripada tiga peristiwa utama: mencari simpul di mana kunci yang akan dihapus wujud , menghapus kunci dan mengimbangkan pokok jika diperlukan.

Semasa menghapus pokok, keadaan yang disebut aliran bawah mungkin berlaku. Underflow berlaku apabila nod mengandungi kurang daripada bilangan kunci minimum yang harus dipegangnya.

Istilah yang harus difahami sebelum mempelajari operasi penghapusan adalah:

Inorder Predecessor
Kunci terbesar pada anak kiri nod dipanggil pendahuluan inordernya.
Inorder Successor
Kunci terkecil pada anak kanan nod dipanggil penggantinya.

Operasi Penghapusan

Sebelum melalui langkah-langkah di bawah, seseorang mesti mengetahui fakta-fakta ini mengenai pokok B darjah m .

Node boleh mempunyai maksimum anak-anak. (iaitu 3)
Node boleh mengandungi maksimum m - 1kunci. (iaitu 2)
Node harus mempunyai minimum ⌈m/2⌉kanak - kanak. (iaitu 2)
Node (kecuali nod root) harus mengandungi minimum ⌈m/2⌉ - 1kunci. (iaitu 1)

Terdapat tiga kes utama operasi penghapusan pada pokok B.

Kes I

Kunci untuk dihapuskan terletak pada daun. Terdapat dua kes untuknya.

Pemadaman kunci tidak melanggar hak milik bilangan kunci minimum yang harus dipegang oleh nod.
Pada pokok di bawah, penghapusan 32 tidak melanggar sifat di atas. Memadamkan kunci daun (32) dari B-tree
Pemadaman kunci melanggar hak milik bilangan kunci minimum yang harus dipegang oleh nod. Dalam kes ini, kami meminjam kunci dari simpul saudara terdekatnya mengikut urutan kiri ke kanan.
Pertama, lawati saudara sebelah kiri. Sekiranya node saudara sebelah kiri mempunyai lebih daripada bilangan kunci minimum, maka pinjam kunci dari nod ini.
Jika tidak, semak untuk meminjam dari simpul saudara kanan.
Pada pokok di bawah, menghapus 31 hasil dalam keadaan di atas. Mari kita pinjam kunci dari simpul saudara kiri. Menghapus kunci daun (31) Sekiranya kedua-dua simpul saudara terdekat sudah memiliki bilangan kunci minimum, maka gabungkan simpul dengan simpul saudara kiri atau simpul saudara kanan. Penggabungan ini dilakukan melalui nod induk.
Memadam 30 hasil dalam kes di atas.
Padamkan kunci daun (30)

Kes II

Sekiranya kunci yang akan dihapus terletak pada nod dalaman, kes berikut berlaku.

Node dalaman, yang dihapus, digantikan oleh pendahulunya yang tidak teratur jika anak sebelah kiri mempunyai bilangan kunci yang melebihi bilangan minimum. Memadamkan nod dalaman (33)
Nod dalaman, yang dihapus, digantikan oleh pengganti penyusun sekiranya anak kanan mempunyai lebih daripada bilangan kunci minimum.
Sekiranya salah satu anak mempunyai bilangan kunci minimum, gabungkan anak kiri dan kanan.
Memadam nod dalaman (30) Setelah bergabung jika simpul induk mempunyai bilangan kunci yang kurang daripada minimum, cari adik beradik seperti dalam Kes I.

Kes III

Dalam kes ini, ketinggian pokok menyusut. Sekiranya kunci sasaran terletak pada simpul dalaman, dan penghapusan kunci membawa kepada bilangan kekunci yang lebih sedikit dalam simpul (iaitu kurang daripada minimum yang diperlukan), kemudian cari pendahulu inorder dan penerus inorder. Sekiranya kedua-dua anak mempunyai bilangan kunci minimum, peminjaman tidak dapat dilakukan. Ini membawa kepada Kes II (3) iaitu menggabungkan anak-anak.

Sekali lagi, cari saudara untuk meminjam kunci. Tetapi, jika saudara lelaki juga hanya mempunyai bilangan kunci minimum, gabungkan simpul dengan saudara dan ibu bapa. Susunkan anak-anak dengan sewajarnya (meningkat pesanan).

Memadam nod dalaman (10)

Contoh Python, Java dan C / C ++

Python Java C C ++

 # Deleting a key on a B-tree in Python # Btree node class BTreeNode: def __init__(self, leaf=False): self.leaf = leaf self.keys = () self.child = () class BTree: def __init__(self, t): self.root = BTreeNode(True) self.t = t # Insert a key def insert(self, k): root = self.root if len(root.keys) == (2 * self.t) - 1: temp = BTreeNode() self.root = temp temp.child.insert(0, root) self.split_child(temp, 0) self.insert_non_full(temp, k) else: self.insert_non_full(root, k) # Insert non full def insert_non_full(self, x, k): i = len(x.keys) - 1 if x.leaf: x.keys.append((None, None)) while i>= 0 and k(0)  = 0 and k(0)  x.keys(i)(0): i += 1 self.insert_non_full(x.child(i), k) # Split the child def split_child(self, x, i): t = self.t y = x.child(i) z = BTreeNode(y.leaf) x.child.insert(i + 1, z) x.keys.insert(i, y.keys(t - 1)) z.keys = y.keys(t: (2 * t) - 1) y.keys = y.keys(0: t - 1) if not y.leaf: z.child = y.child(t: 2 * t) y.child = y.child(0: t - 1) # Delete a node def delete(self, x, k): t = self.t i = 0 while i x.keys(i)(0): i += 1 if x.leaf: if i < len(x.keys) and x.keys(i)(0) == k(0): x.keys.pop(i) return return if i = t: self.delete(x.child(i), k) else: if i != 0 and i + 2 = t: self.delete_sibling(x, i, i - 1) elif len(x.child(i + 1).keys)>= t: self.delete_sibling(x, i, i + 1) else: self.delete_merge(x, i, i + 1) elif i == 0: if len(x.child(i + 1).keys)>= t: self.delete_sibling(x, i, i + 1) else: self.delete_merge(x, i, i + 1) elif i + 1 == len(x.child): if len(x.child(i - 1).keys)>= t: self.delete_sibling(x, i, i - 1) else: self.delete_merge(x, i, i - 1) self.delete(x.child(i), k) # Delete internal node def delete_internal_node(self, x, k, i): t = self.t if x.leaf: if x.keys(i)(0) == k(0): x.keys.pop(i) return return if len(x.child(i).keys)>= t: x.keys(i) = self.delete_predecessor(x.child(i)) return elif len(x.child(i + 1).keys)>= t: x.keys(i) = self.delete_successor(x.child(i + 1)) return else: self.delete_merge(x, i, i + 1) self.delete_internal_node(x.child(i), k, self.t - 1) # Delete the predecessor def delete_predecessor(self, x): if x.leaf: return x.pop() n = len(x.keys) - 1 if len(x.child(n).keys)>= self.t: self.delete_sibling(x, n + 1, n) else: self.delete_merge(x, n, n + 1) self.delete_predecessor(x.child(n)) # Delete the successor def delete_successor(self, x): if x.leaf: return x.keys.pop(0) if len(x.child(1).keys)>= self.t: self.delete_sibling(x, 0, 1) else: self.delete_merge(x, 0, 1) self.delete_successor(x.child(0)) # Delete resolution def delete_merge(self, x, i, j): cnode = x.child(i) if j> i: rsnode = x.child(j) cnode.keys.append(x.keys(i)) for k in range(len(rsnode.keys)): cnode.keys.append(rsnode.keys(k)) if len(rsnode.child)> 0: cnode.child.append(rsnode.child(k)) if len(rsnode.child)> 0: cnode.child.append(rsnode.child.pop()) new = cnode x.keys.pop(i) x.child.pop(j) else: lsnode = x.child(j) lsnode.keys.append(x.keys(j)) for i in range(len(cnode.keys)): lsnode.keys.append(cnode.keys(i)) if len(lsnode.child)> 0: lsnode.child.append(cnode.child(i)) if len(lsnode.child)> 0: lsnode.child.append(cnode.child.pop()) new = lsnode x.keys.pop(j) x.child.pop(i) if x == self.root and len(x.keys) == 0: self.root = new # Delete the sibling def delete_sibling(self, x, i, j): cnode = x.child(i) if i 0: cnode.child.append(rsnode.child(0)) rsnode.child.pop(0) rsnode.keys.pop(0) else: lsnode = x.child(j) cnode.keys.insert(0, x.keys(i - 1)) x.keys(i - 1) = lsnode.keys.pop() if len(lsnode.child)> 0: cnode.child.insert(0, lsnode.child.pop()) # Print the tree def print_tree(self, x, l=0): print("Level ", l, " ", len(x.keys), end=":") for i in x.keys: print(i, end=" ") print() l += 1 if len(x.child)> 0: for i in x.child: self.print_tree(i, l) B = BTree(3) for i in range(10): B.insert((i, 2 * i)) B.print_tree(B.root) B.delete(B.root, (8,)) print("") B.print_tree(B.root)

 // Inserting a key on a B-tree in Java import java.util.Stack; public class BTree ( private int T; public class Node ( int n; int key() = new int(2 * T - 1); Node child() = new Node(2 * T); boolean leaf = true; public int Find(int k) ( for (int i = 0; i < this.n; i++) ( if (this.key(i) == k) ( return i; ) ) return -1; ); ) public BTree(int t) ( T = t; root = new Node(); root.n = 0; root.leaf = true; ) private Node root; // Search the key private Node Search(Node x, int key) ( int i = 0; if (x == null) return x; for (i = 0; i < x.n; i++) ( if (key < x.key(i)) ( break; ) if (key == x.key(i)) ( return x; ) ) if (x.leaf) ( return null; ) else ( return Search(x.child(i), key); ) ) // Split function private void Split(Node x, int pos, Node y) ( Node z = new Node(); z.leaf = y.leaf; z.n = T - 1; for (int j = 0; j < T - 1; j++) ( z.key(j) = y.key(j + T); ) if (!y.leaf) ( for (int j = 0; j = pos + 1; j--) ( x.child(j + 1) = x.child(j); ) x.child(pos + 1) = z; for (int j = x.n - 1; j>= pos; j--) ( x.key(j + 1) = x.key(j); ) x.key(pos) = y.key(T - 1); x.n = x.n + 1; ) // Insert the key public void Insert(final int key) ( Node r = root; if (r.n == 2 * T - 1) ( Node s = new Node(); root = s; s.leaf = false; s.n = 0; s.child(0) = r; Split(s, 0, r); _Insert(s, key); ) else ( _Insert(r, key); ) ) // Insert the node final private void _Insert(Node x, int k) ( if (x.leaf) ( int i = 0; for (i = x.n - 1; i>= 0 && k  = 0 && k x.key(i)) ( i++; ) ) _Insert(x.child(i), k); ) ) public void Show() ( Show(root); ) private void Remove(Node x, int key) ( int pos = x.Find(key); if (pos != -1) ( if (x.leaf) ( int i = 0; for (i = 0; i < x.n && x.key(i) != key; i++) ( ) ; for (; i = T) ( for (;;) ( if (pred.leaf) ( System.out.println(pred.n); predKey = pred.key(pred.n - 1); break; ) else ( pred = pred.child(pred.n); ) ) Remove(pred, predKey); x.key(pos) = predKey; return; ) Node nextNode = x.child(pos + 1); if (nextNode.n>= T) ( int nextKey = nextNode.key(0); if (!nextNode.leaf) ( nextNode = nextNode.child(0); for (;;) ( if (nextNode.leaf) ( nextKey = nextNode.key(nextNode.n - 1); break; ) else ( nextNode = nextNode.child(nextNode.n); ) ) ) Remove(nextNode, nextKey); x.key(pos) = nextKey; return; ) int temp = pred.n + 1; pred.key(pred.n++) = x.key(pos); for (int i = 0, j = pred.n; i < nextNode.n; i++) ( pred.key(j++) = nextNode.key(i); pred.n++; ) for (int i = 0; i < nextNode.n + 1; i++) ( pred.child(temp++) = nextNode.child(i); ) x.child(pos) = pred; for (int i = pos; i < x.n; i++) ( if (i != 2 * T - 2) ( x.key(i) = x.key(i + 1); ) ) for (int i = pos + 1; i < x.n + 1; i++) ( if (i != 2 * T - 1) ( x.child(i) = x.child(i + 1); ) ) x.n--; if (x.n == 0) ( if (x == root) ( root = x.child(0); ) x = x.child(0); ) Remove(pred, key); return; ) ) else ( for (pos = 0; pos key) ( break; ) ) Node tmp = x.child(pos); if (tmp.n>= T) ( Remove(tmp, key); return; ) if (true) ( Node nb = null; int devider = -1; if (pos != x.n && x.child(pos + 1).n>= T) ( devider = x.key(pos); nb = x.child(pos + 1); x.key(pos) = nb.key(0); tmp.key(tmp.n++) = devider; tmp.child(tmp.n) = nb.child(0); for (int i = 1; i < nb.n; i++) ( nb.key(i - 1) = nb.key(i); ) for (int i = 1; i = T) ( devider = x.key(pos - 1); nb = x.child(pos - 1); x.key(pos - 1) = nb.key(nb.n - 1); Node child = nb.child(nb.n); nb.n--; for (int i = tmp.n; i> 0; i--) ( tmp.key(i) = tmp.key(i - 1); ) tmp.key(0) = devider; for (int i = tmp.n + 1; i> 0; i--) ( tmp.child(i) = tmp.child(i - 1); ) tmp.child(0) = child; tmp.n++; Remove(tmp, key); return; ) else ( Node lt = null; Node rt = null; boolean last = false; if (pos != x.n) ( devider = x.key(pos); lt = x.child(pos); rt = x.child(pos + 1); ) else ( devider = x.key(pos - 1); rt = x.child(pos); lt = x.child(pos - 1); last = true; pos--; ) for (int i = pos; i < x.n - 1; i++) ( x.key(i) = x.key(i + 1); ) for (int i = pos + 1; i < x.n; i++) ( x.child(i) = x.child(i + 1); ) x.n--; lt.key(lt.n++) = devider; for (int i = 0, j = lt.n; i < rt.n + 1; i++, j++) ( if (i < rt.n) ( lt.key(j) = rt.key(i); ) lt.child(j) = rt.child(i); ) lt.n += rt.n; if (x.n == 0) ( if (x == root) ( root = x.child(0); ) x = x.child(0); ) Remove(lt, key); return; ) ) ) ) public void Remove(int key) ( Node x = Search(root, key); if (x == null) ( return; ) Remove(root, key); ) public void Task(int a, int b) ( Stack st = new Stack(); FindKeys(a, b, root, st); while (st.isEmpty() == false) ( this.Remove(root, st.pop()); ) ) private void FindKeys(int a, int b, Node x, Stack st) ( int i = 0; for (i = 0; i < x.n && x.key(i) a) ( st.push(x.key(i)); ) ) if (!x.leaf) ( for (int j = 0; j < i + 1; j++) ( FindKeys(a, b, x.child(j), st); ) ) ) public boolean Contain(int k) ( if (this.Search(root, k) != null) ( return true; ) else ( return false; ) ) // Show the node private void Show(Node x) ( assert (x == null); for (int i = 0; i < x.n; i++) ( System.out.print(x.key(i) + " "); ) if (!x.leaf) ( for (int i = 0; i < x.n + 1; i++) ( Show(x.child(i)); ) ) ) public static void main(String() args) ( BTree b = new BTree(3); b.Insert(8); b.Insert(9); b.Insert(10); b.Insert(11); b.Insert(15); b.Insert(20); b.Insert(17); b.Show(); b.Remove(10); System.out.println(); b.Show(); ) )

 // Deleting a key from a B-tree in C #include #include #define MAX 3 #define MIN 2 struct BTreeNode ( int item(MAX + 1), count; struct BTreeNode *linker(MAX + 1); ); struct BTreeNode *root; // Node creation struct BTreeNode *createNode(int item, struct BTreeNode *child) ( struct BTreeNode *newNode; newNode = (struct BTreeNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct BTreeNode)); newNode->item(1) = item; newNode->count = 1; newNode->linker(0) = root; newNode->linker(1) = child; return newNode; ) // Add value to the node void addValToNode(int item, int pos, struct BTreeNode *node, struct BTreeNode *child) ( int j = node->count; while (j> pos) ( node->item(j + 1) = node->item(j); node->linker(j + 1) = node->linker(j); j--; ) node->item(j + 1) = item; node->linker(j + 1) = child; node->count++; ) // Split the node void splitNode(int item, int *pval, int pos, struct BTreeNode *node, struct BTreeNode *child, struct BTreeNode **newNode) ( int median, j; if (pos> MIN) median = MIN + 1; else median = MIN; *newNode = (struct BTreeNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct BTreeNode)); j = median + 1; while (j item(j - median) = node->item(j); (*newNode)->linker(j - median) = node->linker(j); j++; ) node->count = median; (*newNode)->count = MAX - median; if (pos item(node->count); (*newNode)->linker(0) = node->linker(node->count); node->count--; ) // Set the value in the node int setValueInNode(int item, int *pval, struct BTreeNode *node, struct BTreeNode **child) ( int pos; if (!node) ( *pval = item; *child = NULL; return 1; ) if (item item(1)) ( pos = 0; ) else ( for (pos = node->count; (item item(pos) && pos> 1); pos--) ; if (item == node->item(pos)) ( printf("Duplicates not allowed"); return 0; ) ) if (setValueInNode(item, pval, node->linker(pos), child)) ( if (node->count linker(pos); for (; dummy->linker(0) != NULL;) dummy = dummy->linker(0); myNode->item(pos) = dummy->item(1); ) // Remove the value void removeVal(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) ( int i = pos + 1; while (i count) ( myNode->item(i - 1) = myNode->item(i); myNode->linker(i - 1) = myNode->linker(i); i++; ) myNode->count--; ) // Do right shift void rightShift(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) ( struct BTreeNode *x = myNode->linker(pos); int j = x->count; while (j> 0) ( x->item(j + 1) = x->item(j); x->linker(j + 1) = x->linker(j); ) x->item(1) = myNode->item(pos); x->linker(1) = x->linker(0); x->count++; x = myNode->linker(pos - 1); myNode->item(pos) = x->item(x->count); myNode->linker(pos) = x->linker(x->count); x->count--; return; ) // Do left shift void leftShift(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) ( int j = 1; struct BTreeNode *x = myNode->linker(pos - 1); x->count++; x->item(x->count) = myNode->item(pos); x->linker(x->count) = myNode->linker(pos)->linker(0); x = myNode->linker(pos); myNode->item(pos) = x->item(1); x->linker(0) = x->linker(1); x->count--; while (j count) ( x->item(j) = x->item(j + 1); x->linker(j) = x->linker(j + 1); j++; ) return; ) // Merge the nodes void mergeNodes(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) ( int j = 1; struct BTreeNode *x1 = myNode->linker(pos), *x2 = myNode->linker(pos - 1); x2->count++; x2->item(x2->count) = myNode->item(pos); x2->linker(x2->count) = myNode->linker(0); while (j count) ( x2->count++; x2->item(x2->count) = x1->item(j); x2->linker(x2->count) = x1->linker(j); j++; ) j = pos; while (j count) ( myNode->item(j) = myNode->item(j + 1); myNode->linker(j) = myNode->linker(j + 1); j++; ) myNode->count--; free(x1); ) // Adjust the node void adjustNode(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) ( if (!pos) ( if (myNode->linker(1)->count> MIN) ( leftShift(myNode, 1); ) else ( mergeNodes(myNode, 1); ) ) else ( if (myNode->count != pos) ( if (myNode->linker(pos - 1)->count> MIN) ( rightShift(myNode, pos); ) else ( if (myNode->linker(pos + 1)->count> MIN) ( leftShift(myNode, pos + 1); ) else ( mergeNodes(myNode, pos); ) ) ) else ( if (myNode->linker(pos - 1)->count> MIN) rightShift(myNode, pos); else mergeNodes(myNode, pos); ) ) ) // Delete a value from the node int delValFromNode(int item, struct BTreeNode *myNode) ( int pos, flag = 0; if (myNode) ( if (item item(1)) ( pos = 0; flag = 0; ) else ( for (pos = myNode->count; (item item(pos) && pos> 1); pos--) ; if (item == myNode->item(pos)) ( flag = 1; ) else ( flag = 0; ) ) if (flag) ( if (myNode->linker(pos - 1)) ( copySuccessor(myNode, pos); flag = delValFromNode(myNode->item(pos), myNode->linker(pos)); if (flag == 0) ( printf("Given data is not present in B-Tree"); ) ) else ( removeVal(myNode, pos); ) ) else ( flag = delValFromNode(item, myNode->linker(pos)); ) if (myNode->linker(pos)) ( if (myNode->linker(pos)->count count == 0) ( tmp = myNode; myNode = myNode->linker(0); free(tmp); ) ) root = myNode; return; ) void searching(int item, int *pos, struct BTreeNode *myNode) ( if (!myNode) ( return; ) if (item item(1)) ( *pos = 0; ) else ( for (*pos = myNode->count; (item item(*pos) && *pos> 1); (*pos)--) ; if (item == myNode->item(*pos)) ( printf("%d present in B-tree", item); return; ) ) searching(item, pos, myNode->linker(*pos)); return; ) void traversal(struct BTreeNode *myNode) ( int i; if (myNode) ( for (i = 0; i count; i++) ( traversal(myNode->linker(i)); printf("%d ", myNode->item(i + 1)); ) traversal(myNode->linker(i)); ) ) int main() ( int item, ch; insertion(8); insertion(9); insertion(10); insertion(11); insertion(15); insertion(16); insertion(17); insertion(18); insertion(20); insertion(23); traversal(root); delete (20, root); printf(""); traversal(root); )

 // Deleting a key from a B-tree in C++ #include using namespace std; class BTreeNode ( int *keys; int t; BTreeNode **C; int n; bool leaf; public: BTreeNode(int _t, bool _leaf); void traverse(); int findKey(int k); void insertNonFull(int k); void splitChild(int i, BTreeNode *y); void deletion(int k); void removeFromLeaf(int idx); void removeFromNonLeaf(int idx); int getPredecessor(int idx); int getSuccessor(int idx); void fill(int idx); void borrowFromPrev(int idx); void borrowFromNext(int idx); void merge(int idx); friend class BTree; ); class BTree ( BTreeNode *root; int t; public: BTree(int _t) ( root = NULL; t = _t; ) void traverse() ( if (root != NULL) root->traverse(); ) void insertion(int k); void deletion(int k); ); // B tree node BTreeNode::BTreeNode(int t1, bool leaf1) ( t = t1; leaf = leaf1; keys = new int(2 * t - 1); C = new BTreeNode *(2 * t); n = 0; ) // Find the key int BTreeNode::findKey(int k) ( int idx = 0; while (idx < n && keys(idx) < k) ++idx; return idx; ) // Deletion operation void BTreeNode::deletion(int k) ( int idx = findKey(k); if (idx < n && keys(idx) == k) ( if (leaf) removeFromLeaf(idx); else removeFromNonLeaf(idx); ) else ( if (leaf) ( cout << "The key " << k  deletion(k); else C(idx)->deletion(k); ) return; ) // Remove from the leaf void BTreeNode::removeFromLeaf(int idx) ( for (int i = idx + 1; i n>= t) ( int pred = getPredecessor(idx); keys(idx) = pred; C(idx)->deletion(pred); ) else if (C(idx + 1)->n>= t) ( int succ = getSuccessor(idx); keys(idx) = succ; C(idx + 1)->deletion(succ); ) else ( merge(idx); C(idx)->deletion(k); ) return; ) int BTreeNode::getPredecessor(int idx) ( BTreeNode *cur = C(idx); while (!cur->leaf) cur = cur->C(cur->n); return cur->keys(cur->n - 1); ) int BTreeNode::getSuccessor(int idx) ( BTreeNode *cur = C(idx + 1); while (!cur->leaf) cur = cur->C(0); return cur->keys(0); ) void BTreeNode::fill(int idx) ( if (idx != 0 && C(idx - 1)->n>= t) borrowFromPrev(idx); else if (idx != n && C(idx + 1)->n>= t) borrowFromNext(idx); else ( if (idx != n) merge(idx); else merge(idx - 1); ) return; ) // Borrow from previous void BTreeNode::borrowFromPrev(int idx) ( BTreeNode *child = C(idx); BTreeNode *sibling = C(idx - 1); for (int i = child->n - 1; i>= 0; --i) child->keys(i + 1) = child->keys(i); if (!child->leaf) ( for (int i = child->n; i>= 0; --i) child->C(i + 1) = child->C(i); ) child->keys(0) = keys(idx - 1); if (!child->leaf) child->C(0) = sibling->C(sibling->n); keys(idx - 1) = sibling->keys(sibling->n - 1); child->n += 1; sibling->n -= 1; return; ) // Borrow from the next void BTreeNode::borrowFromNext(int idx) ( BTreeNode *child = C(idx); BTreeNode *sibling = C(idx + 1); child->keys((child->n)) = keys(idx); if (!(child->leaf)) child->C((child->n) + 1) = sibling->C(0); keys(idx) = sibling->keys(0); for (int i = 1; i n; ++i) sibling->keys(i - 1) = sibling->keys(i); if (!sibling->leaf) ( for (int i = 1; i n; ++i) sibling->C(i - 1) = sibling->C(i); ) child->n += 1; sibling->n -= 1; return; ) // Merge void BTreeNode::merge(int idx) ( BTreeNode *child = C(idx); BTreeNode *sibling = C(idx + 1); child->keys(t - 1) = keys(idx); for (int i = 0; i n; ++i) child->keys(i + t) = sibling->keys(i); if (!child->leaf) ( for (int i = 0; i n; ++i) child->C(i + t) = sibling->C(i); ) for (int i = idx + 1; i < n; ++i) keys(i - 1) = keys(i); for (int i = idx + 2; i n += sibling->n + 1; n--; delete (sibling); return; ) // Insertion operation void BTree::insertion(int k) ( if (root == NULL) ( root = new BTreeNode(t, true); root->keys(0) = k; root->n = 1; ) else ( if (root->n == 2 * t - 1) ( BTreeNode *s = new BTreeNode(t, false); s->C(0) = root; s->splitChild(0, root); int i = 0; if (s->keys(0) C(i)->insertNonFull(k); root = s; ) else root->insertNonFull(k); ) ) // Insertion non full void BTreeNode::insertNonFull(int k) ( int i = n - 1; if (leaf == true) ( while (i>= 0 && keys(i)> k) ( keys(i + 1) = keys(i); i--; ) keys(i + 1) = k; n = n + 1; ) else ( while (i>= 0 && keys(i)> k) i--; if (C(i + 1)->n == 2 * t - 1) ( splitChild(i + 1, C(i + 1)); if (keys(i + 1) insertNonFull(k); ) ) // Split child void BTreeNode::splitChild(int i, BTreeNode *y) ( BTreeNode *z = new BTreeNode(y->t, y->leaf); z->n = t - 1; for (int j = 0; j keys(j) = y->keys(j + t); if (y->leaf == false) ( for (int j = 0; j C(j) = y->C(j + t); ) y->n = t - 1; for (int j = n; j>= i + 1; j--) C(j + 1) = C(j); C(i + 1) = z; for (int j = n - 1; j>= i; j--) keys(j + 1) = keys(j); keys(i) = y->keys(t - 1); n = n + 1; ) // Traverse void BTreeNode::traverse() ( int i; for (i = 0; i traverse(); cout << " " 
 n == 0) ( BTreeNode *tmp = root; if (root->leaf) root = NULL; else root = root->C(0); delete tmp; ) return; ) int main() ( BTree t(3); t.insertion(8); t.insertion(9); t.insertion(10); t.insertion(11); t.insertion(15); t.insertion(16); t.insertion(17); t.insertion(18); t.insertion(20); t.insertion(23); cout << "The B-tree is: "; t.traverse(); t.deletion(20); cout << "The B-tree is: "; t.traverse(); )